## Section 1: Foundations - 3: Real Number System (Axioms, Completeness) The real number system, denoted by $\mathbb{R}$, forms the bedrock of real analysis. It's defined as a **complete ordered field**, meaning it satisfies three interconnected sets of axioms: Field Axioms, Order Axioms, and the crucial Completeness Axiom. These axioms provide the logical foundation for all calculus and analysis. 1. **Field Axioms:** These govern the basic arithmetic operations of addition ($+$) and multiplication ($\cdot$). For any real numbers $a$, $b$, $c$: * **Closure:** $a + b \in \mathbb{R}$ and $a \cdot b \in \mathbb{R}$. * **Commutativity:** $a + b = b + a$ and $a \cdot b = b \cdot a$. * **Associativity:** $(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)$ and $(a \cdot b) \cdot c = a \cdot (b \cdot c)$. * **Identities:** There exist unique elements $0$ (additive identity: $a + 0 = a$) and $1 \neq 0$ (multiplicative identity: $a \cdot 1 = a$). * **Inverses:** For every $a$, there exists $-a$ such that $a + (-a) = 0$. For every $a \neq 0$, there exists $a^{-1}$ such that $a \cdot a^{-1} = 1$. * **Distributivity:** $a \cdot (b + c) = (a \cdot b) + (a \cdot c)$. These axioms ensure the familiar rules of algebra hold. 2. **Order Axioms:** There is a relation $<$ (less than) satisfying, for any $a$, $b$, $c \in \mathbb{R}$: * **Trichotomy:** Exactly one holds: $a < b$, $a = b$, or $b < a$. * **Transitivity:** If $a < b$ and $b < c$, then $a < c$. * **Addition Preserves Order:** If $a < b$, then $a + c < b + c$. * **Positive Multiplication Preserves Order:** If $a < b$ and $c > 0$, then $a \cdot c < b \cdot c$. These axioms define inequalities and how they interact with arithmetic, allowing us to talk about intervals and bounded sets. 3. **Completeness Axiom:** This is the defining property that distinguishes $\mathbb{R}$ from the rational numbers ($\mathbb{Q}$). It states: > **Every non-empty subset of $\mathbb{R}$ that is bounded above has a least upper bound (supremum) in $\mathbb{R}$.** Equivalently, every non-empty subset bounded below has a greatest lower bound (infimum) in $\mathbb{R}$. This axiom guarantees there are no "gaps" in the real number line. For example, the set $\{x \in \mathbb{Q} : x^{2} < 2\}$ is bounded above in $\mathbb{Q}$ (e.g., by $1.5$), but its supremum ($\sqrt{2}$) is *not* in $\mathbb{Q}$. The Completeness Axiom ensures $\sqrt{2}$ *does* exist within $\mathbb{R}$. This property is fundamental for proving convergence of sequences, continuity, and the existence of maxima/minima for continuous functions on closed intervals. It underpins the rigorous definition of limits and ensures the real numbers form a continuum.

Course Progress:

Section 1: Foundations

Section 2: Sequences

Section 3: Series

Section 4: Continuity

Section 5: Differentiation

Section 6: Integration

Section 7: Function Spaces

Section 8: Metric Spaces